The Seyfert galaxy NGC 7603 and its companion NGC 7603B (PGC 07041) was a close contender for my first post of discordant redshift examples. Ultimately NGC 4319 and Markarian 205 won out because it not only showed a visible connection between two discordant redshift objects but it represents a perfect example of denial and possibly even suppression by NASA and the scientific community. NGC 7603 and 7603B is actually a better example of connected discordant redshift objects. But the connection is so overwhelming obvious there can be no real denial or suppression of its existence. The photograph to the right shows the larger galaxy NGC 7603 clearly connected to its smaller companion galaxy NGC 7603B via a curved bridge of matter. The photograph is unaltered as downloaded from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey SkyServer website. The redshifts of the two objects have been known for some time and are discussed in Dr. Halton Arp’s books Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies (Interstellar Media, 1987) and Seeing Red: Redshifts, Cosmology and Academic Science (Apeiron, 1998). In fact, this group of objects was included as Arp 92 in Dr. Arp’s Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies published by Caltech in 1966. The redshift of the spectrum of NGC 7603 as listed in NED is 0.029524 z which would place it at a distance of over 500 million light-years from Earth using a so-called Hubble Constant value of 55 (km/s)/Mpc. However the redshift of NGC 7603B as listed in NED is 0.055742 z which would supposedly place it at almost twice that distance at over 950 million light years from Earth. It is unequivocal that the redshifts of these two visibly connected objects do not indicate distance unless one wants to entertain the notion that the bridge of connecting matter is over 450 million light-years in length.
Upon closer inspection of the above photograph two smaller points of light can be seen embedded within the connecting bridge of matter between the two galaxies, one near each end of the bridge. The SkyServer site describes these objects as stars but close examination of their spectra and the spectra of the bridge itself reveals something much more intriguing. On June 13, 2000 astronomers Martin López-Corredoira and Carlos M. Gutiérrez took a detailed R-band (near infrared) photograph of NGC 7603 and NGC 7603B using the 2.6 meter Nordic Optical Telescope on the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands. They then followed up with a detailed spectroscopic analysis of the bridge of matter and embedded point objects on August 12, 2001. The image on the left is taken from their report in Astronomy & Astrophysics and has been unaltered accept for a size reduction to better fit it on this page.
The top half of the image shows a 15-minute exposure of NGC 7603 and NGC 7603B (Object 1) in near infrared light (0.7-1.0 µm) and their redshifts which, including their range of deviation, closely match the measurements listed in NED for the two objects. Of course the most important discovery in their observations was that the two star-like objects were indeed quasars with high redshifts of 0.243 z and 0.391 z. If redshifts really did indicate distance this would place Object 2 at over 3.6 billion light-years from Earth and Object 3 at over 5.4 billion light-years respectively using a so-called Hubble Constant value of 55 (km/s)/Mpc.
The bottom half of the image shows a close-up of the bridge of matter, referred to as “filament” in the A&A report. The dotted lines indicate the 5 arcsecond-wide slit in the spectrograph where the spectra of all three objects including sections of the filament itself were taken. As can be seen, the redshift of the filament almost exactly matches the redshift of NGC 7603 which clearly demonstrates that the bridge of connecting matter is part of that galaxy. But most importantly this detailed view shows that regardless of the extreme distances attributed to Objects 2 and 3 because of their redshifts they are indeed embedded in the filament of matter connecting NGC 7603 and Object 1 (NGC 7603B). In fact, this detailed view shows a bulge of material extending from the right side of NGC 7603B into the connecting filament and ending at the left edge of Object 2. There is also clearly a stream of material extending out from the bottom of NGC 7603 into the filament and ending at the right edge of Object 3.
You would think that the discovery of such an obvious group of vastly discordant redshifts would have garnered some sort of response from the mainstream scientific community, whether positive or negative. But unless you count the rejection of the findings by Nature and the Astrophysical Journal, there has been mostly silence. So far these observations by López-Corredoira and Gutiérrez have not been referenced in any mainstream science journals or publications, particularly by astronomers in the United States. It is very fortunate that their findings were published at all. All scientists and lovers of science should be thankful that the European Astronomy and Astrophysics Journal had the courage to do so, albeit with some help from an “anonymous” referee.
For more information regarding the NGC 7603 system and its history of rejection by the scientific community I recommend reading the works of Halton Arp mentioned above and the introduction to Jeff Kanipe and Dennis Webb’s book The Arp Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies (Willmann-Bell, 2006). Do you have questions or comments about this example? Do you have an example you would like to contribute? Your input is not only welcomed, it is encouraged.
Thanks for reading!
Shannon
Tags: Astronomy & Astrophysics, Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, Carlos M. Gutiérrez, Dennis Webb, Halton Arp, Jeff Kanipe, Martin López-Corredoira, NGC 7603, NGC 7603B, Nordic Optical Telescope, Seyfert galaxy, Sloan Digital Sky Survey
Am I the first to leave a comment on this article? Wow!
What makes this a case of discordant redshifts, and not a chance alignment? As Tom Bridgman showed in his blog post (http://dealingwithcreationisminastronomy.blogspot.ca/2013/06/discordant-redshift-excuses-but.html ), chance alignments are to be expected. And as the case of M81 and Arp’s Loop shows (see this recent APOD, for example: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130416.html ), an apparent alignment of (or in) a filament (or filaments) does not – necessarily – mean a physical connection. And when there’s a star in the foreground, no one thinks to say that is a case of discordant redshift, no matter how amazingly closely the star is aligned with an extended filament of a spiral galaxy, or a spiral arm. So how to distinguish between a chance alignment and a physical interaction?
There are quite a few faint, extended-source objects in the field around NGC 7306, which the SDSS photometric pipeline thinks are galaxies (e.g. DR7 ObjIds 587731186736300075, 587731186736300514, 587731186736300492, and 587731186736300079). With some imagination, at least some of these can be seen to be within faint filaments associated with NGC 7306. And while there are no spectroscopic redshifts for them (as far as I know), they almost certainly have redshifts much greater than 0.030. Are they, then, also examples of discordant redshifts? Or merely chance alignments?
“As can be seen, the redshift of the filament almost exactly matches the redshift of NGC 7603”, as M. López-Corredoira and C. M. Gutiérrez note, the S/N ratio is low, so the identifications are not all that certain, “which clearly demonstrates that the bridge of connecting matter is part of that galaxy.” This last part I don’t understand. If an almost exact match in observed redshift is sufficient to establish physical association, then surely considerably different redshifts are sufficient to establish a *lack* of any physical association, right?
The only way to distinguish between a chance alignment and a physical interaction is with even closer observations with more powerful telescopes. I am currently working on a much closer view of NGC 7603 taken with the Hubble Space Telescope but it may answer just as many questions as it creates. For many more details about NGC 7603 and its discordant redshifts I highly recommend reading http://arijmaki.wordpress.com/2010/04/10/ngc-7603-the-discordant-redshift-system/.
NGC 7603 is obviously 2 galaxies colliding on different planes of travel. Why make it complicated?
Red shift shows receding speed, not distance. They’re just assuming it means a different distance.
Why can’t it be like a bullet zipping past a speeding getaway car? Only in slow motion. We’re just viewing things at the moment the “bullet” is zipping past.
I can’t explain why the two objects are moving at different speeds, but the red shift says they are.
In their first paper, López-Corredoira and C. M. Gutiérrez refer to the two knots in the luminous bridge as “HII galaxies”. Other astronomers speak of quasars. What is your opinion as to the nature of these two objects.
For my part, I would be very much surprised if they were HII galaxies because what could then justify their enormous redshifts ? Of course I suppose that they are inside the bridge, a fact that few people would dare object to. I also assume that there are two
components to the redshift: a cosmological one and an excess redshift of yet unknown origin. If the objects in the bridge are quasars, then according to my assumptions they could have high excess redshifts.
@Ed Lake:
Redshift in the spectrum doesn’t even “show” receding speed (let alone distance). They _assume_ that redshift means recessional velocity, and in an expanding universe, that velocity can be used to infer distance. But you are correct in this: the two objects could be physically associated at the same distance, and for some bizarre reason have wildly different recessional velocities (i.e. MAYBE they are passing by each other at high speed).
The only thing redshifts in spectra shows for certain – by definition – is that the photons in redshifted spectra carry less energy than expected. Highly redshifted spectra are of photons with much less energy.
Everything else – speed and distance – is based on assumptions. (One assumption being that the character, nature, and energy of a photon does not change as it travels over cosmological distances).
Astronomy, and especially Cosmology, is a fascinating science, because there is so little data to work with. Really, the only data you get in cosmology is a coordinate in the sky (i.e. a two dimensional position), and the intensity and energy of photon(s) coming from that point in the sky. (Plus, assuming a given distance, and knowing the speed of light, you get a time coordinate).
Hey, just wondering, can we expect, or is there already a JWST image of NGC 7306? I find it deplorable that such an important observational data set as this has gotten so little regard from the mainstream. Can scientists really be so bigoted?